2000 Years of London Bridge: From the arrival of the Romans to the present day

Click on the century to expand the lists

AD

43 – Romans invade and conquer Britain

50 – Romans found Londinium

52 – First Roman timber bridge is built.

60 – Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni, burns Londonium to the ground

80 – Romans rebuild Londinium and the timber bridge

90+ – Earliest date for building of permanent bridge

100

100 – Londinium with a bridge, becomes capital of Roman province of Britain.

102 – Forum/basilica built with a permanent bridge built or in place

196 – Some Roman legions withdrawn

200

208 – Visit of Emperor Septimus Severus

259 – Temporary independent “Gallic Empire” set up, including Britain

287 – Carausius proclaims an independent Britain

300

306 – Constantine proclaimed Roman Emperor in Britain

367 – Combined attack on Britain by Picts, Scots and Saxons

369 – Theodosius restores order in Britain

400

407 – Romans abandon London. Last legions withdrawn Bridge likely to be no longer in use or already officially dismantled

410 – Sack of Rome. Emperor tells Britons to arrange for their own defence

467 – Last appeal to Rome for help from Britain – London largely abandoned

500

500+ – “Dark Ages”, with much of Britain already taken over by the Saxons

597 – St Augustine lands in Kent to re-establish Christianity

600

600+ – London area and Southwark bank rely on ferry for connection

604 – Bishop of London appointed for a short period

700

730 – London – “A mart of many peoples coming by land and sea” – Bede

793 – Viking attacks on Britain start

800

842 – Inhabitants from the The Anglo-Saxon settlement known as “Lundenwic” move into old walled area for safety. Earliest date for the rebuilding of a London Bridge

872 – London occupied by the Vikings

886 – King Alfred recaptures London from the Danes and restores the town

900

979 – Reference to a bridge at London in Billingsgate toll records

984 – Reference to a miscreant being thrown from London Bridge

994 – Viking battle recorded at the bridge with attacking Danish King, Svein

1000 – Tolls recorded as being collected at London Bridge

1009 – London mentioned in Anglo-Saxon Chronicles on Norse raiding parties

1014 – To regain his capital from King Canute, Aethelred is aided by King Olaf who pulls down London Bridge – London Bridge is Broken/Falling Down

1016 – Canute digs a ditch round London Bridge to defeat Edmund upstream

1066 – Battle of Hastings brings William the Conqueror to London

1087 – William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror rebuilds London Bridge

1097 – London Bridge carried away by floods. Local forced labour used to rebuild it

1122 – London Bridge recorded as possessing revenue producing lands

1135 – London and the bridge destroyed in major fire. All then rebuilt

1163 – Last wooden bridge built under direction of Peter De Colechurch

1176 – Peter de Colechurch starts to build the stone London Bridge Henry II imposes a tax on wool for its construction

1189+ – Richard the Lionheart’s war costs delay the completion of the bridge. King John gives land to the City to produce more revenues for the bridge

1201 – King John decrees that houses should be erected on the bridge for rent

1205 – Peter de Colechurch dies and is buried in the new crypt of the bridge chapel

1209 – London Bridge is completed with the gates, chapel and houses

1212 – Major fire in Southwark destroys southern houses on the bridge

1216 – Louis, Dauphin of France crosses the bridge as guests of the Barons

1243 – First mention of Bridge House as the administrative centre for the bridge

1249 – Henry III takes over the bridge’s revenue to pay for his wars

1252 – Henry gives grant of protection to the Brethren of the Bridge for funds

1257 – First mention of the drawbridge

1258 – City establishes its control over the whole length of the bridge

1263 – Unpopular Queen Eleanor’s barge pelted by citizens on the bridge Simon de Montfort occupies Southwark. Drawbridge raised against him

1265 – Bridge funds administered by Brethren of the Chapel of St Thomas

1267 – Earl of Gloucester occupies Southwark, and gains the City and its gates

1269 – King Henry again grants Queen Eleanor custody of the bridge

1270 – Bridge collapsing from lack of repair as Queen Eleanor misuses funds

1281 – Edward I gives back control of the bridge to the City Five arches of the bridge collapse in winter. London Bridge is Falling Down

1282 – Edward appoints Bridge Wardens and gives the bridge a charter and tolls

1305 – First head displayed on the bridge, that of William Wallace

1309 – Bridge damaged by heavy ice on the Thames

1348 – Black Death kills many in London

1357 – Edward, the Black Prince crosses bridge with captive, Jean II of France

1358 – Bridge Wardens accounts record 138 rent-paying shops on the bridge

1381 – Wat Tyler leads Peasant’s Revolt. Tyler slain and head placed on the bridge

1384+ – Structure of London Bridge rebuilt over 13 years including a new chapel

1388 – New drawbridge constructed

1390 – Joust on the bridge between Lord Welles and Sir David de Lindsay

1415 – Henry V, victor of Agincourt crosses the bridge with captive Duke of Orleans

1421 – Henry V received on bridge with his new Queen, Catherine of France

1425 – One of the arches cracks. Iron-shod carts banned from bridge

1426+ – New Drawbridge Gate is built

1437 – Great Stone Gate collapses with two arches. Extensive bridge repairs follow

1442 – A new drawbridge is begun

1445 – Reception on bridge for bride of Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou.

1450 – Jack Cade rebels fight on the bridge and part of it is burned Rebels defeated and Jack Cade’s head placed on the bridge

1460+ – Start of bridge being totally rebuilt arch-by-arch over 30 years

1463 – Common Council orders drawbridge to be raised for all ships

1485 – Kent uprising sets fire to new Great Stone Gate and 13 houses Uprising defeated and leader, Thomas Fauconberg’s head placed on bridge

1497 – Common Council allows decayed drawbridge to be raised only in defence Hydraulic water pumps first installed on bridge to provide drinking water

1500 – First picture of London Bridge painted as part of Duke of Orleans manuscript

1501 – Reception for Catherine of Aragon, bride of Arthur, elder brother of Henry VIII

1509 – Funeral procession along the bridge for Henry VII

1530 – Statute of Bridges introduced for repair of all bridges throughout the kingdom

1535 – Henry VIII has Thomas More’s/Bishop Fisher’s head placed on the bridge

1538 – Henry VIII orders chapel to cease to be dedicated to Thomas a Becket

1539 – Chapel images of Thomas a Becket painted over. Becomes Lady Chapel

1549 – Chapel defaced inside and ordered to be changed into a “dwelling house”

1553 – Chapel is turned into a shop and residence, then into a warehouse

1554 – Sir Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion over Queen Mary’s betrothal to Philip of Spain

1577 – Demolition of the Drawbridge Gate begins, making way for Nonesuch House “House of Many Windows” also built towards southern end

1580 – City agrees to Peter Morris installing waterworks at northern end to pump water into the City

1582 – Law passed limiting shop counters on the bridge to project only 4″ (100mm)

1588 – Spanish Armada defeated. Captured banners displayed on Great Stone Gate

1591 – Corn mills erected at Southwark end of bridge

1594 – Van den Wyngaerde’s detailed view of London Bridge published

1605 – Guy Fawkes and fellow plotters’ heads placed on the bridge after the Gunpowder Plot to blow up Parliament

1616 – Visscher’s view of London Bridge published

1624 – John Norden’s view of London Bridge published

1633 – Fire at City end destroys a third of houses at that end of the bridge

1639 – One house at the City end rebuilt

1641 – Royal Barge of Queen Henrietta overturns while “shooting the bridge”. Queen’s Lady of Bedchamber drowns

1645+ – A complete new block built at the City end

1647 – In Civil War, gates of London Bridge opened to Cromwell’s New Model Army who march with General Fairfax into London.

1666 – Great Fire of London consumes City end block and waterwheels but spares most of the bridge

1672 – Fixed Drawbridge rebuilt

1676 – Serious fire in Southwark

1678 – William Stayley is last head to be displayed on the bridge

1683 – Destroyed houses at City end of bridge rebuilt

1684 – Famous “Frost Fair” held on the frozen Thames. Visited by Charles II

1685 – Many houses taken down and rebuilt to widen street to 20ft, (6m), except those adjoining the old Nonesuch House where gateway height is increased

1722 – Lord Mayor orders bridge traffic to kept to the left. Tolls introduced. Fixed drawbridge rebuilt again

1725 – Fire destroys all the Southwark end houses over the first two arches including the Great Stone Gate.

1727+ – Great Stone Gate demolished. Roadway widened to 18ft (5.5m)

1745 – Five waterwheels working. New block by George Dance, at the City end, the last houses to be built on the bridge

1750 – Westminster bridge opens, the first of other new bridges over the Thames

1751+ – Stationers occupy the remains of the old chapel in the encasing building, called Chapel House, with paper stored in the old undercroft

1756 – Act of Parliament authorises the removal of all the houses on the bridge

1757+ – Demolition of the houses starts

1757 – Temporary wooden bridge erected alongside. Nonesuch House pulled down

1758 – Temporary wooden bridge burnt down

1759 – New “Great Arch” formed in bridge by complete removal of a central pier. Bridge renewed with widening to 46ft (14m), with new end arches and decorative piers, balustrades and alcoves for pedestrians

1761 – Great Stone Gate demolished.The Royal Coat of Arms from it is rebuilt into the public house in Newcomen Street

1762 – Last house tenacy on bridge expires and all houses fully cleared

1763 – New footway at City end opened though tower of St Magnus-the-Martyr

1779 – Rebuilt Waterworks at City end burnt

1782 – Bridge Tolls abolished and traffic increases

1786+ – Waterwheels and pumps rebuilt

1799 – London Bridge fully measured and accurately drawn for the first time by George Dance the Younger

1800 – First proposals for a new bridge put forward

1813 – Heavy ice on Thames. Bridge damaged. Last Frost Fair

1817 – John Rennie’s Waterloo Bridge opens

1819 – John Rennie’s Southwark Bridge opens

1821 – Committee for New Bridge set up and competition organised. Results overuled and a design by John Rennie selected

1822 – Act passed to remove the old bridge’s waterwheels

1823 – Royal Assent for Act for the Rebuilding of London Bridge

1824 – 15th March – First piles driven for coffer dam(s) for construction of Sir John Rennie’s new London Bridge

1825 – 15th June – Foundation Stone laid in presence of Duke of York

1827 – 4th August – First arch on Southwark side completed

1831 – 1st August – Bridge officially opened by William IV and Queen Adelaide

1832 – During demolition of old bridge, Peter de Colechurch’s bones found in old chapel undercroft . Presumably destroyed with the rest

1839 – London Bridge Station first opens and railway use growth starts with the first “commuters” using the bridge to go over to the City

1858 – Chelsea Bridge opens

1873 – Albert Bridge opens

1879 – Lambeth Bridge opens

1894 – Tower Bridge opens

1902 – Bridge is widened with corbels and new balustrade

1940+ – London Bridge goes through WWII without damage

1967 – Corporation of London is empowered by London Bridge Act to build a new London Bridge

1967+ – Sir John Rennie’s bridge dismantled and replaced section-by-section with a new concrete structure

1968+ – Old bridge sold to the McCulloch Oil Corporation and transported in parts to Arizona to be rebuilt at Lake Havasu City. Foundation stone laid of the re-constructed bridge

1971 – Sir John Rennie’s bridge completely re-assembled at Lake Havasu City and officially opened by Lord Mayor

1973 – New London Bridge officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II

1996 – Museum on the history of London Bridge first proposed

2000 – London Bridge Museum & Education Trust formed

2001 – Trust educational website first goes out over the internet

2006 – Initial educational material completed as brochures, posters, DVD-Rom, lecture CD

2009 – Scheduled date for the opening of proto-London Bridge Museum, the 800th Anniversary of the Peter de Colechurch bridge in 1209

2012 – Intended opening of the full London Bridge Museum , the year of the Olympic Games in London

Time-line entries adapted from those recorded in Peter Jackson’s book, “London Bridge – A Visual History”, ISBN 0-948667-82-6, and Pat Pierce’s book, “Old London Bridge”, ISBN 0-7472-3493-0.